Dr. IRUNKWOR THOMPSON CHINEDUM
Publication Title Chemical and Radiological Risk Assessment of Uranium in Surface and Groundwater in Ogoni Land, Rivers State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Sciences
Paper Link https://www.ijsciences.com/pub/issue/2022-06/. DOI: 10.18483/ijSci.2581; Online ISSN: 2305-3925
Publication Authors Thompson Chinedum Irunkwor, Alexander Amechi Odagwe , Bright Atalor
Year Published 2022-06-06
Abstract The chemical and radiological risks associated with uranium in the well, tap/borehole and river/creek waters within three communities
that host Ogoniland oilfields was here assessed and measured with gamma ray spectroscopy. The results obtained were used to evaluate chemical
and radiological risk over lifetime ingestion by the inhabitants in the area. The activity concentrations of uranium in the water supply sources
were found to range from 2.42±0.45 to 12.77±1.12Bq/l. The uranium mass concentration was found to range from 97.52±18.13 to
514.71±45.14µg/l. These uranium mass concentration values of the three water supply sources was found to be over 5 times higher than the
recommended international permissible limits. The radiological risks for cancer mortality and morbidity risks were found to be lower than
permissible standard which respectively ranged from 9.08x10 -5 to 4.79x10 -4 and 1.39x10 -4 to 7.34x10 -4 . However, the chemical toxicity which
was estimated using lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) was found to vary respectively from 2.67 to 14.09µg/kg/day
and 4.45 to 23.48. The LADD values exceeded the acceptable reference dose level of 0.6µg/kg/day and the international threshold daily intake
value of 1.0µg/kg/day. The HQ was greater than unity implying significant potential risk of uranium in water due to chemical toxicity. Human
risk arising from ingestion of uranium in water was therefore attributed to the chemical toxicity of uranium as heavy metal rather than
radiological risks. Ion-exchange pre-treatment and reverse osmosis treatment technique should therefore be adopted to the three water supply
sources in order to reduce and remove uranium as heavy metal before consumption.
Publication Title Geo-electriC assessment of groundwater potentials and vulnerability to Contaminants for sustainable water management at Utue-Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher Geology and Geophysics of Russian South
Paper Link DOI: 10.46698/VNC.2024.47.37.006
Publication Authors D.A. Ogwu , O.C. Molua, T.C. Irunkwor, J.O. Ataman, M. Edobor, A.O. Ukpene, A.O. Egheneji
Year Published 2024-02-28
Abstract Relevance. The study focuses on assessing groundwater potentials and the effectiveness of the overburden protective layer in preventing contaminant intrusion into the groundwater aquifer within a municipal- ity in the Western Niger Delta. Aim. Employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D resistivity imaging, and Dar-zarrouk parameters, the research aims to investigate the geoelectric characteristics of the subsurface layers, delineate the aquiferous layer, and assess the protective capacity of the overburden. Methods. Nine VES were conducted using the Mini-Res Resistivity Meter with the Schlumberger array. Data processing utilized IPI2win software, revealing seven to eight geoelectric layers. The aquiferous layer, situated between the fifth and sixth layers, exhibited varying resistivity (924.9?m to 1629?m), thickness (34.52 m to 79.20 m), and depth (55.95 m to 106.00 m). Results. Dar-zarrouk hydraulic parameters (hydraulic conductivity, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, and transmissivity) were derived from aquifer resistivity and thickness. Hydraulic con- ductivity ranged from 6.55 m/day to 6.80m/day, transmissivity from 228.5 m²/day to 538.6 m²/day, longitudinal conductance from 0.031?– ¹ to 0.076?– ¹, and transverse resistance from 37385.1?m² to 129016.8?m². Zones with contrasting parameter values were identified. Conclusion. The overburden protective layer was rated as having poor capacity, rendering the aquifer highly vulnerable to contaminants. Conversely, the aquifer demon- strated potential for providing portable water, reflecting subsurface heterogeneity and ample hydraulic pressure. A recommended hydrochemical study will further assess water portability.
Publication Title 2-D RESISTIVITY IMAGING AND HYDROGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR LEACHATE MIGRATION AT DUMPSITES IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
Publication Type journal
Publisher International peer Reviewed Journal and Book Publishing (IPRJB)
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C and Abanjo, N
Year Published 2022-06-01
Abstract Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D tomography and hydrogeochemical analysis was applied to investigate dumpsite leachate plume generation, migration and its impact on the surrounding soil and groundwater aquifer at a municipality in the Western Niger Delta. Twelve vertical electrical sounding (VES) was investigated using the Mini-Res Resistivity Meter with the Schlumberger array. The VES survey result was interpreted with Winglink software. Five hand-dug well water and 5 tap/borehole water samples was collected for hydrogeochemical analysis using the sterile plain bottles and 1-litre plastic bottles. Resistivity results delineated 5 layers of lateritic topsoil, sandy clay, fine coarse-sand, medium coarse-sand and coarse sand. The VES and 2-D tomography mapped and identified 2 distinct zones viz:zone of low resistivity of 91?m and 394?m at depth of 5m to >28m indicating area of leachate contaminant plume and zone of high resistivity value of 422?m and 5102?m suspected to be dumpsite gases such as NH3, CH4, SO2 and CO2. The 2-D resistivity imaging also revealed that the generated dumpsite leachate contaminant plume was migrating from the Northern part of the burrow-pit dumpsite towards its Eastern part and to the Northern part of the dumpsite at Scot road/Sakponba road. Hydrogeochemical parameter results showed that colour, pH, iron, Lead and coliform bacteria exceeded permissible standard indicating that the leachate plume has migrated to the groundwater aquifer. Closed municipal landfill whose base is made of concrete and paved surfaces should be adopted in the area to prevent leaching of poisonous substances into groundwater aquifer.
Publication Title Application of 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Modeling for Sand Exploration at Evbarue, Edo State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C, Eghobamien, L.O and Abanjo, N
Year Published 2022-10-23
Abstract Vertical electrical sounding and 2-D electrical resistivity tomography was applied to investigate the availability of sand and estimate the volume of exploitable sand deposit in a municipality in the Western Niger Delta. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2-D resistivity tomography was investigated using the Petrozenith PZ-03 terrameter with the Schlumberger and Wenner arrays respectively. The VES and 2-D resistivity survey results were respectively interpreted with IPI2WIN and DIPROWIN softwares. Resistivity results delineated 3 layers of lateritic topsoil, sandy clay, and sand. The VES and 2-D tomography mapped and identified sand deposits of varying resistivity values ranging from 1362?m to 4040?m at a depth range of 1.5m to 39.6m. The sand deposit was characterized by medium to coarse grained sand that is moderately sorted. An estimated volume of 867,122m3of sand is available for mining from the 138,912,944 tonnes of sand deposit which is considered sufficient enough to be of economic value. Since mining this volume of sand will have adverse environmental effects on the river micro-ecology and the community, it is advised that conscious steps be taken to minimize ecological and environmental effects, and the river flow be directed away from sensitive and vulnerable banks in order to avoid erosion and bank instability.
Publication Title Electrical Resistivity Investigation for Aquifer Vulnerability to Surface Contaminants at Dumpsites in Western Niger Delta
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
Paper Link www.ijisrt.com; ISSN No:-2456-2165
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C and Abanjo, N
Year Published 2022-08-31
Abstract Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D resistivity imaging and Dar-zarrouk parameters were used to investigate leachate plume generation, migration and the strength of the overlying protective capacity to prevent contamination of the groundwater aquifer at a municipality in the Western Niger Delta. Twelve vertical electrical sounding was investigated using the Mini-Res Resistivity Meter with the Schlumberger array. Dar- zarrouk parameters were employed to determine the protective capacity of overburden rock and the vulnerability of the aquifer to surface contaminants. The VES result was interpreted with Winglink software and delineated 5 layers of lateritic topsoil, sandy-clay, fine coarse-sand, medium coarse-sand and coarse sand. The VES and 2-D tomography mapped and identified 2 distinct zones of low resistivity values of 91?m and 394?m at depth of 5m to >28m indicating area of leachate contaminant plume;and zone of high resistivity value of 422?m and 5102?m suspected to be dumpsite gases. The Dar-zarrouk parameters showed that the total longitudinal conductance is low ranging from 0.01 Siemens at VES 4 to
0.09 Siemens at VES 6 which is less than the critical value of 1.0 Siemens suggesting that the overburden protective capacity do not have significant clay/shale impermeable beds. The total transverse resistance at each VES station varied from 286.55?m2 (at VES 9) to 4,949.18?m2 (at VES 6) interpreted as layers of high transmissivity indicating that the aquifer materials are porous and permeable to fluids flow. The aquifer overburden protective capacity and vulnerability ratings are respectively poor and extremely high vulnerability. The low values of overburden protective capacity of the sandy-clay layer and the high transmissivities of the vadose zones and the aquifers will aid the seepage and migration of contaminants within and around the dumpsites subsurface layers. Proper hydrogeophysical characteristics of the area should be considered before citing and drilling of boreholes.
Publication Title Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Vulnerability Using Electrical Resistivity Method in the University of Delta, South-South Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher Journal of Computing, Science and Technology
Paper Link https://focjournal.unidel.edu.ng/
Publication Authors Irunkwor Thompson Chinedum, Abanjo Nkonyeasua, Okobia Chuks, Maduaka Pascal Ifeanyi
Year Published 2024-09-10
Abstract Groundwater potential and the strength of the aquifer overburden protective layer to prevent contaminants into groundwater aquifer within the University of Delta Main Campus were assessed with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). Ten sounding points were carried out using Petrozenith PZ-02 Terrameter with the Schlumberger array. The VES data were processed with IPI2WIN software and delineated eight to nine geoelectric layers of lateritic topsoil, clayey sand, sandy clay, fine grained sand, fine to medium grained sand, medium grained sand, medium to coarse grained sand, coarse grained sand and sandy clay/clay. The aquiferous layer located between the sixth and eighth layer exhibited varying resistivity (2037?m to 300098?m), thickness (59.93m to 88.92m) and depth (106.75m to 140.80m). Dar-zarrouk hydraulic parameters were derived from values of aquifer resistivity and thickness. Hydraulic conductivity ranged from 6.90m/day to 9.70m/day, transmissivity from 413.65m2/day to 850.11m2/day, longitudinal conductance from 0.0002892 mho to 0.040411 mho and transverse resistance from 122,118.15?m2 to 263, 000588.72?m2.The aquifer storativity ranged from 0.0001798m-1 to0.0002668m-1. Aquifer overburden protective layer was rated poor and highly vulnerable to contaminants. However, aquifer showed high potential of portable water sufficient to meet the needs of the University community. Hydrogeochemical study is recommended to determine the water portability.
Publication Title Assessment of Natural Radionuclides and Radiological Health indices in Soil of Oil Producing Communities, Rivers State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM
Paper Link www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C, Abanjo, N and Ogboi, K. C
Year Published 2022-09-30
Abstract The natural radionuclides and radiological health indices associated with the use of soil in communities with history of oil spillage, gas flaring, oil bunkering and operation of illegal artisanal oil refining activities in Rivers State was here assessed and measured with gamma ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the mean activity concentration of radionuclides in soil samples ranged from 17.77±4.20Bq/kg to 31.84±3.20Bq/kg for 238U, 22.75±3.30Bq/kg to 33.82±4.70Bq/kg for 232Th and 110.44±9.60Bq/kg to 483.15±18.20Bq/kg for 40K, and are within permissible standard, but are higher than the mean activity in the control. Results further revealed that there was statistically significant difference at p<0.05 in the mean variations of the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the soil within the five communities and the control. The radiological hazard indices are all within tolerable values except for Bunu-Tai community whose annual gonadal equivalent dose was about 19.6% or 1.19 times higher than the international permissible value of 300mSv/y. Remediation measure is therefore recommended to minimize the risk of radiation from enhanced natural radionuclides in the soil.
Publication Title Assessment of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazard indices in Cassava Cultivated in Oil Producing Area, Rivers State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Applied Science and Research
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C, Abanjo, N and Ogboi, K. C
Year Published 2022-10-31
Abstract The natural radioactivity and radiological hazard indices associated with the consumption of cassava crops grown in five communities with history of oil spillage, gas flaring, oil bunkering activities and operation of illegal artisanal oil refining in Rivers State was assessed and measured with gamma ray spectroscopy. Five samples of cassava crop and five samples of soil were collected from the five communities. The results obtained were used to evaluate the soil-to-cassava transfer factor (TF) due to ingestion of cassava crops/staple foods by inhabitants in the area. The mean activity of soil samples ranged from 17.77±4.20Bq/kg to 31.84±3.20Bq/kg for 238U, 22.75±3.30Bq/kg to 33.82±4.70Bq/kg for 232Th and 110.44±9.60Bq/kg to 483.15±18.20Bq/kg for 40K, and is within permissible standard, but is higher than the mean activity in the control. The mean activity of cassava samples ranged from 6.50±1.30Bq/kg to 29.70±6.20Bq/kg for 238U, 5.80±2.20Bq/kg to 16.50±6.80Bq/kg for 232Th and 383.20±28.10Bq/kg to 482.30±35.80Bq/kg for 40K and is found higher than those of the control samples, and the international permissible limits. The study revealed that although some of the radiological hazard indices in the cassava samples were below the allowable standards, the estimated committed annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of cassava crops/staple foods is respectively over 2.9 times and 5.9 times higher than the international permissible limit of 0.29mSv/y. The rate of radionuclides transferred from soil- to-cassava has mean TF of 232Th <238U <40K. It is therefore recommended that a community based awareness programme on the issue of environmental contamination from extraneous activities, its health impacts due to consumption of cassava crops/staple foods in the area and possible prevention be organized by the various government agencies involved in environmental protection.
Publication Title Assessment of the Effect of Dumpsite Leachate on Soil Physico-chemical Parameters at Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher Journal of Mining and Geology Vol.56(2) 2020.pp.231-245
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C. ,Abam, T. K. S. and Amechi, B. U
Year Published 2020-04-30
Abstract The effect of waste dumpsite leachates on soil physico-chemical parameters and corrosivity in Oghara municipality is here evaluated. Six Soil samples were randomly collected near the waste dumpsites using a stainless steel hand-auger at 2m apart to varying depths of 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-100cm. 12 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were also investigated using the Mini-Res Resistivity meter with maximum current electrode AB/2 of 100m and potential electrode MN/2 of 10m. The Schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted. The soil physico-chemical parameters such as conductivity, nitrate, Lead, iron, and sulphates and chlorides (at depth of 40cm and beyond) were higher than the permissible standards. Resistivity results delineated 5 layers of lateritic topsoil, sandy-clay, fine- coarse sand, medium coarse-sand, and coarse-sand with varied apparent resistivity, thickness and depth. Soil corrosivity was evaluated using the resistivity values of the first layer on each VES station and it showed that 25% of soil was moderately corrosive, 42% was slightly corrosive, and 33% was practically non-corrosive within a depth range of 0.13m to 1.76m due to low resistivity signatures, low pH values and high nitrates, lead, iron, chlorides and sulphates ions arising from dumpsite leachate infiltration to the subsurface at greater depth. Using the resistivity values of the second and third layers on each VES stations revealed that the soil exhibited slight to moderate corosivity within a depth range of 5.07m to 31.07m arising from the dumpsite waste leachate. Cathodic protection should be adopted to avoid corrosion of buried transmission pipelines.
Publication Title ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS NEAR WASTE DUMPSITES IN THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
Paper Link http://www.ijser.org; ISSN 2229-5518
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C. ,Abam, T. K. S. and Amechi, B. U
Year Published 2018-08-30
Abstract The effect of waste dumpsite on physico-chemical parameters was here evaluated for water samples in order to determine the effect of waste leachate on the water quality in the area. Ten water samples were randomly collected using sterile plain bottles and 1-litre plastic bottles. The depth to water table in the area ranged between 8.3m and 12.3m. The results of the physico-chemical parameters of the water samples showed that some parameters such as colour, pH, Fe, Pb and coliform bacteria exceeded the permissible standards. The water quality index (WQI) showed that the groundwater is of poor quality rating indicating that the leachate plume contaminants has migrated from the dumpsites to the groundwater aquifer due to weak/poor aquifer overburden layer implying some remediation before domestic usage. The existing waste dumpsites should be evacuated and relocated from the area and further dumping of waste be discontinued.
Publication Title Determination of Appropriate Earthling Electrode Medium for Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipes Using Electric Resistivity Method
Publication Type journal
Publisher IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C, Ngerebara, O. D and Onyebueke, D. E
Year Published 2018-03-30
Abstract Metallic pipes used in conveying gas and crude oil are prone to corrosion with some reactive mineral elements in the soil. The soil corrosivity and the effect of soil (mineral) resistivity and conductivity on metallic pipe is evaluated to determine the appropriate medium of earthing electrode for cathodic protection of the underground gas and crude oil pipeline for Pan Ocean Oil Corporation Gas Processing plant at Ovade-Ogharefe. The geophysical survey data was acquired using ABEM SAS 300 TERRAMETER and the resistivity investigations carried out include the Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger electrode array and the Wenner electrode configuration for the Constant Separation Traversing (CST). Consequently, six Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) and two constant Separation Traversing (CST) were carried out in the area. The VES were made with an AB/2 ratio of 100m at intervals, thus probing down to depths of 12.5m. The results from this exercise show that there are five horizons (layers) at the project site with thickness varying between 1.3m and 3.15m. The apparent resistivity values of the soil indicated a range between 17?-m and 8,855?-m and the conductivity values of the soil so investigated have a range between 0.059 and 0.0001129 Siemens per meter. The impressed current cathodic protection method is recommended for the gas processing plant project since the soil resistivity values has exceeded 50?-m which is the threshold value between the impressed current cathode protection and the sacrificial (Galvanic) anode cathodic protection.
Publication Title Determination of Elemental Concentration of Natural Radionuclide in Soils of Industrial Communities, South- South Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher United International Journal for Research &Technology
Paper Link https://uijrt.com/ ; ISSN:2582-6832
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C and Abanjo, N
Year Published 2022-06-30
Abstract The elemental concentration of natural radionuclides in soil of some communities in South-South Nigeria with history of oil spillage, gas flaring, oil bunkering and operation of illegal artisanal oil refining activities was determined and measured with gamma ray spectroscopy. The activity concentration values of radionuclides in soil were converted to elemental concentration values. The result showed that the mean value of elemental concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 1.44±0.34 to 2.58±0.26ppm for uranium, 5.60±0.81 to 8.33±1.16ppm for thorium and 0.35±0.03 to 1.54±0.06% for potassium. These mean elemental concentration values are respectively lower than the worldwide standard of 2.7ppm, 11ppm and 1.3ppm in the soil of the five sampled communities except for the potassium value in the soil at Bunu-Tai that was higher than the permissible standard by 0.24%. The Th/U elemental ratio in the soil samples at Eleme and Bunu-Tai communities are respectively 4.68 and 4.84 and are over 1.6 times higher than the theoretical standard value of 3.0 for normal continental crust indicating an enrichment of thorium and depletion of uranium radionuclides in these communities. The Th/U elemental ratio in the soil samples at Ban-Ogoi, Bodo and Giokoo communities are respectively over 1.4 times lower than the 3.0 standard for normal continental crust showing a depletion of thorium and enrichment of uranium in those communities. Relative depletion/enrichment of natural radionuclides occurred in soils of the sampled communities arising from alteration of natural processes by anthropogenic/metamorphic activities.
Publication Title Soil Physico-Chemical Charateristics and Metalic Corrosion In Parts Of The Niger Delta
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
Paper Link www.ijeas.org; ISSN:2394-3661
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C., Ngerebara, O. D
Year Published 2018-03-14
Abstract Soil physico-chemical parameters such as pH, organic matter, chloride and sulphate contents were investigated to assess their effect on buried metallic pipes for a proposed gas processing plant facility at Ovade-Ogharefe, Delta State, Nigeria. Ten sampling points along the pipeline route were investigated. Thus, a total of 10 borings each to a depth of 10.0m were drilled along the pipeline route using the Shell-and-Auger Percussion Rig to collect subsurface soil samples for laboratory analyses for physico-chemical characteristics. Soil pH was determined in-situ electronically using the glass electrode method with a standard calibrated pH meter. On the average, the soil is sandy clayey in nature and the results of the parameters tested are as follows: pH (5.2-7.5), chloride (8.9-85.4ppm), sulphate (126.3-266.5ppm) and organic matter content (0.41-0.42%). The low pH values of 4.2, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.5 as well as the high sulphate contents above permissible limit respectively at locations BH7, BH8, BH9 and BH10 implies that the soil is acidic and deleterious to buried metallic pipes which is characteristic of clayey soils. It is recommended that the metallic pipes along the pipeline route be buried within the depth of 2.0 to 3.0m because that is the zone or layer of high pH, low chloride and low sulphate contents. However, the impressed current cathodic protection method is therefore recommended to minimize corrosion impact on the proposed gas pipeline.
Publication Title Risk Assessment of Natural Radionuclides in Surface and Ground Water of Oil and Gas Producing Communities, Rivers State, Nigeria
Publication Type journal
Publisher International Journal of Applied Science and Research
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C, Omoruyi, C. I and Ogboi, K. C
Year Published 2022-09-12
Abstract The natural radioactivity and radiological health risk associated with the use of water from hand-dug wells, tap/boreholes and river/creeks in three communities with history of oil spillage, gas flaring, oil bunkering and operation of illegal artisanal oil refining activities in Rivers State, Nigeria was here assessed and measured with gamma ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the mean activity concentration of water samples for hand-dug well water ranged from 11.94±1.12 to 12.77± 1.12Bq/l for 238U, 7.88±1.05 to 9.20±1.82Bq/l for 232Th and 13.50±0.62 to 20.13±3.88Bq/l for 40K. The mean activity concentration for the tap/borehole water ranged from 2.42±0.45Bq/l to 5.31±0.80Bq/l for 238U, 1.02±1.01 to 2.24±0.90Bq/l for 232Th and 9.71±5.04 to 11.73±3.77Bq/l for 40K. The 238U, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations in the river/creek waters ranged respectively from 6.81±0.80 to 8.82±1.20Bq/l, 4.25±0.65 to 9.52±1.16Bq/l and 25.01±3.23 to 30.03±1.96Bq/l. These values are higher than the mean activity concentrations of the 3 radionuclides in the control samples and some are higher than the international permissible standards. Results further revealed that there was statistically significant difference at p<0.05 in the mean variations of the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the water supply sources within the three communities and the control. The committed annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risks are radiologically higher than the permissible limits. Therefore, children and adults in the three communities are susceptible to high dose related diseases and have high chances of contracting cancer when water is ingested from the three water supply sources since the committed annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk are respectively over 1.16 times and 8 times higher than the UNSCEAR and USEPA international permissible limits of 0.29mSv/y and 1x10-4 mSv/y.
Publication Title Man and His Cosmic Environment (Book Chapter)
Publication Type Monograph
Publisher The General Studies Unit, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria(Progress P. E Printing Association, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria
Paper Link ISBN-978-2734-89-6
Publication Authors Irunkwor, T. C
Year Published 2023-01-09
Abstract Man ha s symbiotic relationship with the environment. Technological growth and development as well as advancement in scientific frontiers have led to increasing attention on man and the environment he lives in. This is due to the fact that Man's development takes place in the environment and the environment also impact man significantly. A better understanding of human cosmic environment can be of help to equip our analysis of man's activities with different components of the environment. The explanation of human cosmic environment will further provide a clearer understanding of the structure and functions of the environment and how human activities have impacted the environment